When and Where?

The Denim Run takes place on April 12th 2026 at 8 AM PST. The starting line for the main run/walk will be located on the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California. Survivors.org will be on site and present at the Wellness Festival taking place on the pier after the run. Please visit the website above for parking and rideshare details.

What if I’m not in L.A.?

You can participate in the Denim Run 2026 from anywhere. Register your team and host your own walk/race in your community or with your friends. This is the perfect way to raise support for survivors in your community this Sexual Assault Awareness Month. Participants who join us from other parts of the globe can also make a direct donation on our page, rather than needing to buy a ticket.

Why Denim?

Denim has been a world-wide symbol against sexual assault since the 90’s. In Italy, 1999, a judge overturned a sexual assault conviction. His reasoning? He claimed that because the survivor was wearing tight denim jeans, she “must” have assisted in their removal. Public outrage at this grave injustice, victim-blaming, and the judge’s clear in ability to understand consent, sparked people to wear denim in solidarity with the survivor.

Now, every April, we observe denim day to let people know that we stand against victim-blaming and alongside survivors.

Create a Team, Make a Statement.

While you do not need to create a team and can register as an individual participant, a team can be a great way to get more people involved in the movement. By creating a team as a business, school, family, or friend group, you make your stance on sexual violence clear. Now more than ever, people are wondering who can put their words into action. As a team, you can raise money for Survivors.org. The team fundraising for Survivors.org with the top donations will receive a prize!

Get Your Denim On!

Check out our shop and pick up a Survivors.org denim hat to wear for the Denim Run and/or Denim Day! All profits go towards Survivors.org programs and operations.

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This project creates a safe, supportive sanctuary for trauma survivors to express their suppressed emotions, unspoken feelings, and bottled-up experiences. We aim to provide a platform for survivors of violence and trauma to find catharsis through creative writing and art. Our curated anthology will feature poetry and stories from survivors, amplifying their voices and promoting empathy. By sharing the stories of trauma survivors, we aim to cultivate a compassionate community that values togetherness, resilience, and healing.

• All writing must be original
• Survivors from every walk of life can submit poetry pieces, short stories, or short prose
• Your work can be about anything, but we are focusing on your creative expression as a survivor, emotions and catharsis
• Word limit: approximately 500 words
• Maximum of three submissions per participant
• Even though it won’t be possible to include everything submitted, we will try our best to include as many of your submissions as possible
• There will be a review process

Please submit your writing below. If you have any questions, please email Submissions@Survivors.org

Submissions will be curated into a Survivor Anthology to raise funds for Survivors.org. By submitting, you consent to having your submission published in this anthology. All submissions are subject to review by Survivors.org staff, and all writing must be original. You will receive information from Survivors.org about whether or not we choose your submission for publication. We thank everyone for their submissions!

The post Submit To Survivors.org’s Poetry Passion Project appeared first on Survivors.org.

Consent and sexual education are not topics that belong exclusively in high school health classes. They are foundational life skills that must be nurtured and reinforced at every stage of development. According to experts and leading advocacy organizations, comprehensive and age-appropriate sexual education is crucial in promoting bodily autonomy, respect, and the prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). This article highlights work from leading researchers and expert guidelines to show how early and ongoing education around consent can empower children and youth to navigate their bodies, boundaries, and relationships safely and confidently.

Sex Education as a Lifelong, Socially Transformative Process

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), as promoted by leading organizations such as SIECUS, ACOG, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, are foundational resources to aid in supporting the social, emotional, and physical development of children and adolescents. These conversations foster personal agency, empathy, and empowerment while reinforcing bodily integrity and consent.

Sexual education is more than the basics of reproduction or sexually transmitted disease (STI) prevention. SIECUS, the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States emphasizes comprehensive sex education (CSE) to help dismantle systems of power that perpetuate inequality and harm. By integrating consent and healthy relationships into CSE from an early age, we are promoting a more respectful, empathetic, and safe society. Additionally, CSE can normalize the full spectrum of sexual orientation and gender identity, helping to reduce stigma against the LGBTQIA+ community. This includes challenging binary gender roles and heteronormative assumptions. Instead, curating a more inclusive and accepting environment to foster understanding of diverse identities and expressions. When young adolescents are taught that there is not one way to express yourself or who you can love, it promotes an inclusive environment where everyone can thrive, feel safe to express themselves and reduce shame and stigma. 

It is essential to address the myth that teaching children about LGBTQIA+ identities will “turn them gay” or influence their gender identity. Being lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or any other identity on the sexual/gender identity spectrum is not a choice, it is biologically driven and a part of human diversity. Educating children and adolescents about this does not create or convert identities. Instead, it creates safer, more supportive environments where all children, including those who are LGBTQIA+, can see themselves valued and respected in society. Silencing these conversations does not protect children. Instead, it discriminates and marginalizes those who are at higher risk for bullying, isolation, and mental health struggles. 

Children learn social norms, personal safety, and communication habits early on, and these foundational years are ideal for beginning conversations about identity, bodily autonomy, and consent. This early start doesn’t mean introducing explicit sexual information, as those who oppose CSE may argue, but rather supporting children in understanding boundaries, respect for others, and how to express and recognize comfort and discomfort.

Consent at Every Age

Harvard’s Usable Knowledge resource has outlined how conversations around consent should evolve with a child’s cognitive and emotional development. This resource provides suggestions for how consent education can be introduced through different stages of childhood:

Early Childhood/Preschool Age (Ages 0–5): Naming, Choice, Body Autonomy, and Self Care

The focus should be on naming body parts accurately (including genitals), teaching that some parts of the body are private, differences in gender/private body parts, hygiene and toileting, and reinforcing the right to say “no” to unwanted touch, even from family members. These practices establish a baseline understanding of bodily autonomy and empower children to speak up if someone violates their boundaries. 

Tools & Resources: Child Rescue Coalition

Early Elementary (Ages 5–8): Expanding Boundaries and Emotional Literacy

Continue reinforcing consent as an ongoing process by teaching that consent must be asked for and can be taken away at any time. Begin discussing different types of relationships (e.g., friendships, romantic relationships, familial relationships) and how to navigate feelings like embarrassment, confusion, peer pressure, and trust. Continue reinforcing consent as ongoing and reversible, discuss respect for their peers (e.g., asking before hugging, touching, or playing), encourage open communication and validate questions without shame. These practices provide social-emotional tools to help children understand and express their feelings about touch, space, and trust.

Tools & Resources: Edutopia- Teaching Consent to Elementary Students

Upper Elementary (Ages 9–11): Nuanced Discussions and Peer Interactions

At this age, hormonal changes and outside influences like media, internet, and peers intensify sexual curiosity and identity formation. Introducing more complex aspects of consent such as digital safety, peer influence, and privacy are important tools to build self-respect and confidence in navigating complex interpersonal relationships in various spaces. Begin conversations about puberty, sexual feelings, and respectful communication. Deepen conversations on values, respect, and decision making alongside beginning age-appropriate discussions on digital safety and misinformation about sex/sexual relationships. By building confidence in navigating in-person and virtual situations through encouraging self-respect, children learn how to navigate complex interpersonal and technological spaces with confidence. Having an open conversation provides the space for a child to feel comfortable asking questions about sex and empowers them to respect themselves and others.

Children are naturally curious, especially as they begin to experience new emotions and bodily changes. If adults do not create safe, open, and honest spaces for these conversations, children will inevitably seek out answers elsewhere. These answers are often obtained from unreliable or harmful sources such as peers, online forums, or explicit media. Avoiding or delaying these conversations does not protect children; instead, it leaves them vulnerable to misinformation, shame, and risky behaviors. Having open, judgment-free conversations not only helps children feel comfortable asking questions, but also teaches them how to assess the information they receive, understand boundaries, and make respectful, informed choices. Empowering them early with accurate information and lays the foundation for healthier relationships in adolescence and adulthood.

Tools & Resources: Common Sense Media- Supporting Teens and Adolescents in an Increasingly Digital and Uncertain Age

Adolescents (12+): Comprehensive Sexual Health Education

Teens need access to full-spectrum sexual education that includes information on contraception, STI prevention, sexual orientation, gender identity, healthy relationships, and the legal and emotional components of consent. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) agree that access to medically accurate, culturally inclusive sexual education is linked to delayed initiation of sexual activity, increased use of protection, and lower rates of teen pregnancy and sexual violence. It is essential to consider all youth in these conversations, regardless of background, gender identity, or ability. It is essential for all youth to receive inclusive and affirming sexuality education.

Tools & Resources: Oregon Health and Science University Tools for Teaching Sexual Health, Harvard University- Exploring Equity: Gender and Sexuality

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Through Personal Agency and Education

Teaching consent from a young age is a proven strategy in preventing CSA. When children understand they have agency over their bodies, they can recognize inappropriate behavior, and feel safe speaking to trusted adults, they are less vulnerable to grooming and abuse. The Child Rescue Coalition and research from the University of South Florida highlights how early consent education can act as a protective factor against CSA, especially when supported by parents, caregivers, and educators.

Consent education is not a one-time talk. It is an ongoing dialogue that evolves as children grow. Adults can model respectful behavior, create safe non-judgemental spaces for questions, and provide developmentally appropriate information that empowers children and adolescents. By normalizing these conversations early and throughout development we can set the foundation for a society that values bodily autonomy, mutual respect, and healthy relationships. Consent and sexual education is essential for safety and personal development. By starting conversations early and tailoring conversations to a child’s developmental stage, parents and educators can equip children, adolescents, and young adults with the skills they need to respect and protect themselves and others. 

Sources

1. SIECUS. (2023). Sex Ed is a Vehicle for Social Change. https://siecus.org/sex-ed-is-a-vehicle-for-social-change/
2. Harvard Graduate School of Education. (2018). Consent at Every Age. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/usable-knowledge/18/12/consent-every-age
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Comprehensive Sexuality Education. https://www.acog.org/advocacy/policy-priorities/adolescent-health/comprehensive-sexuality-education
4. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The Importance of Access to Comprehensive Sex Education. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/adolescent-sexual-health/equitable-access-to-sexual-and-reproductive-health-care-for-all-youth/the-importance-of-access-to-comprehensive-sex-education
5. Stop It Now! (2023). Age-Appropriate Sexual Behavior. https://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/age-appropriate-sexual-behavior 
6. Child Rescue Coalition. (2023). Growing Kids and Boundaries: Teaching Consent by Age and Stage. https://childrescuecoalition.org/educations/growing-kids-and-boundaries-teaching-consent-by-age-and-stage 
7. Edutopia. (2022). Teaching Consent to Elementary Students. https://www.edutopia.org/article/teaching-consent-elementary-students/ 
8. Garcia, A., Crosland, K., Reyes, C., Del Vecchio, M., & Pannone, C. (2024). Prevention and Intervention Strategies for the Sexual Abuse and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Who Run Away from Foster Care: A Scoping Review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 33(6), 736–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2024.2363821 
9. Rohrer, L., Johnson, M., Robst, J., Ismajli, F., & James, S. Community-Based Child Abuse Prevention Program Evaluation. http://cfs.cbcs.usf.edu/_docs/publications/Final-Evaluation-Report-CBCAP-20190701.pdf 

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What is SWOP?

SWOP Behind Bars (SBB) is a national grassroots social justice network dedicated to the fundamental human rights of sex workers, victims of trafficking, and their communities. We focus on those currently incarcerated or seeking re-entry. SWOP BB centers the voices of sex workers and trafficking victims as we work to end violence and stigma by providing direct services, resources, community-building projects, educational programs, and advocacy.

The post Sex Workers & Sexual Violence appeared first on Survivors.org.

Anti-sexual violence activism tends to center white, straight, cis, able-bodied women. The reality of this issue extends to everyone regardless of race, gender, ability, class, sexuality, or profession. Sexual assault affects not only white women, but men, people of color, people with disabilities, LGBTQIA+ people, and sex workers. We need to Shatter the Stigma and uplift these voices in our advocacy to ensure that the most vulnerable do not slip through the cracks.

This campaign is working to empower survivors in communities that are often overlooked by raising awareness on the ways they experience sexual violence and how those who exist at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities may be at even greater risk.

Learn More About Intersectionality

Get Involved

Download our social media toolkit to #ShatterTheStigma and raise awareness around these important facts this Sexual Assault Awareness Month

LGBTQIA+ Survivors

Quick Facts

• 44% of lesbian women & 61% of bisexual women experience rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner, compared to 35% of straight women¹
• 26% of gay men & 37% of bisexual men experience rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner, compared to 29% of straight men¹
• 47% of transgender people are sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime²
• 65% of Indigenous, 59% of Multiracial, 58% of Middle Eastern, and 53% of Black transgender respondents were sexually assaulted in their lifetime²

Resources

The Trevor Project	866.488.7386	Website
The Trans Lifeline	877.565.8860	Website
LGBT National Hotline	888.843.4564	Website

View More

Learn More

Sexual Violence as a Form of Homophobia

Read More Sexual Violence as a Form of Homophobia

How Transgender People Have Led the Fight Against Sexual Assault

Read More How Transgender People Have Led the Fight Against Sexual Assault

View More

Join The Community

Male Survivors

Quick Facts

• At least 23% of men have experienced unwanted sexual contact in their lifetime, 11% have experienced sexual harassment, and 44% have experienced contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime¹
•  At least 46% of teen boys and college men report experiencing sexual coercion in their lifetime³ 

Resources

1 in 6	Website
MenHealing	Website
MaleSurvivor	Website

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Learn More

Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys

Read More Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys

Male Survivors Panel

Read More Male Survivors Panel

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Join The Community

BIPOC Survivors

Quick Facts

• 44% of AAPI women, 21% of AAPI men, and 41% of transgender AAPI experience sexual violence during their lifetime^1,2
• 40% of Black women and 20% Black men will be sexually assaulted at some point during their lifetime¹
• 96% of the Indigenous female survivors experience violence from a non-Indigenous perpetrator⁴
• 34% of Latina women and 33% of Latino men have experienced unwanted sexual contact in their lifetime¹

Resources

ATASK	617.338.2355	Website
Ujima		Website
StrongHearts Native Helpline	844.762.8483	Website
Spanish Sexual Assault Hotline	800.656.4673	Website

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Learn More

Asian American and Pacific Islander Survivor Panel

Read More Asian American and Pacific Islander Survivor Panel

Black Survivors Discussing Mental Health

Read More Black Survivors Discussing Mental Health

Barriers to Reporting & Police Relations within the Indigenous Community 

Read More Barriers to Reporting & Police Relations within the Indigenous Community 

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Join A Community

Survivors with Disabilities

Quick Facts

• 83% of women with disabilities have been sexually assaulted in their lives⁵
• Men with disabilities and deaf men are 2x as likely to experience sexual violence (other than rape) than men without disabilities⁶
• 61% of transgender people with a disability are sexually victimized in their lifetime, which was much more prevalent than those who did not⁷
• Between 97 – 99% of abusers are known and trusted by survivors⁸
  • 32% are family members
  • 44% are caretakers, home health aides and living facility attendants

Resources

American Association of People with Disabilities	Website
Disability Visibility Project	Website

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Learn More

Accessibility for Survivors with Disabilities

Read More Accessibility for Survivors with Disabilities

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Join The Community

Survivors in Sex Work

Quick Facts

Statistics on Sex Workers are limited due to lack of research.

• Globally, sex workers have a 45% to 75% chance of experiencing sexual violence on the job⁹
• Each year, hundreds of murders on transgender people are reported globally, and of those around 60% of the victims are estimated to be sex workers¹⁰
• With the popularization of online sex work via platforms such as OnlyFans, it is believed that the number of sex workers has increased.
  • Over two million content creators produce sexually explicit content for more than 130 million users¹¹

People wrongly believe that sex workers cannot be sexually assaulted, but consent is still present in sex work. Consensual sex work entails that both parties, the participant and the sex worker, must agree to perform sexual acts without revoking their consent or the presence of coercion, including for survival or fear of retaliation.

Resources

Swop USA	Website
NSWP	Website
The Black Sex Worker Collective	Website
Pineapple Support	Website
SWOP Behind Bars	Website

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Learn More

Sex Workers & Sexual Violence

Read More Sex Workers & Sexual Violence

View More

Sources

1. Leemis R.W., Friar N., Khatiwada S., Chen M.S., Kresnow M., Smith S.G., Caslin, S., & Basile, K.C. (2022). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2. James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Retrieved from the National Center for Transgender Equality: https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF
3. French, B. H., Tilghman, J. D., & Malebranche, D. A. (2015). Sexual coercion context and psychosocial correlates among diverse males. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035915
4. Sexual Violence Against Women and Children in Indian Country. (2025). Niwrc.org. https://www.niwrc.org/sites/default/files/images/resource/niwrc_fact_sheet_sexual_violence_indian_country.jpg
5. Disability Justice. (2014). Sexual Abuse | Disability Justice. Disability Justice. https://disabilityjustice.org/sexual-abuse/
6. Black, M.C., Basile, K.C., Breiding, M.J., Smith, S.G., Walters, M.L., Merrick, M.T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M.R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
7. Seelman, K. L. (2015). Unequal Treatment of Transgender Individuals in Domestic Violence and Rape Crisis Programs. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2014.987943
8. Baladerian, N.J. Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities. Sex Disabil 9, 323–335 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102020
9. Deering, K. N., Amin, A., Shoveller, J., Nesbitt, A., Garcia-Moreno, C., Duff, P., Argento, E., & Shannon, K. (2014). A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. American journal of public health, 104(5), e42–e54. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909
10. Berredo, Lukas, AR Arcon, Amaranta Gómez Regalado, Carter Honorée, Neish McLean, Islèm Mejri,Simran Shaikh, Timofey Shenker, and Vaito’a Toelupe (2018). Global trans perspectives on health and wellbeing: TvT community report. Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide project. TGEU.
11. Lippmann, M., Lawlor, N., & Leistner, C. E. (2023). Learning on OnlyFans: User Perspectives on Knowledge and Skills Acquired on the Platform. Sexuality & culture, 1–21. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-10060-0

The post Shattering The Stigma appeared first on Survivors.org.

Join us this Sexual Assault Awareness Month for our third-annual National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day on April 25th, 2025.

What is a Sexual Assault Advocate?

Sexual assault advocates are professionally and specially trained individuals who respond to and support survivors of sexual assault. Sexual assault advocates’ specific duties vary by location, but most provide emotional support, a lending ear, access to resources, and serve as an echo to a survivors’ needs. Advocates do not make decisions for survivors. They inform survivors of possible options and advocate on their behalf to others. Many advocates are first responders in communities, but their duties are not limited to the acute phase after an assault.

Hear From Real Advocates

Check out our National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day Panel from SAAM 2024!

Celebrate National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day

Download our National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day toolkit to learn more about sexual assault advocates and how you can show your support and appreciation for all that they do.

Thank-you To These Amazing Advocates!

We asked advocacy centers around the nation to nominate exceptional advocates this National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day. These advocates have given survivors priceless support, validation, and resources during some of their most difficult moments. Advocates can change the life of a survivor, and they take on a lot in order to do so. We are so grateful for the work of these, and all, sexual assault advocates, and want to highlight some of the qualities that make them such incredible advocates

Western Advocates

To the advocates who serve along the West Coast, we want you to know you’re greatly appreciated! A very special thank you to…

Mid-Western Advocates

Advocates in the Mid-Western United States, please know you make a huge difference! A very special thank you to…

North Eastern Advocates

We truly appreciate all of the advocates serving survivors on the East Coast! A very special thank you to…

The post National Sexual Assault Advocate Appreciation Day appeared first on Survivors.org.

Meet The Panelists

Zahara hussain (she/her/ella)

R.A.C.E.S – Urbana, Illinois

Hello everyone! I’m Zahara Hussain. I grew up in Surrey, Canada; and moved to California at the age of 8. I am the youngest of 9 and have a twin brother. Regardless to say, I’m a member of a large immigrant family. I recently moved to Illinois after 25 years as a Californian. The mid-west is growing on me, but very slowly! I jumped into the work of a bilingual legal and medical advocate at Rape Advocacy, Counseling, Education Services (R.A.C.E.S). I have only resided in the state of Illinois since October of 2023; I am learning and growing each day to be a better human, and a better advocate. I am constantly looking for new resources and making new connections. I was a preschool educator for the past 15 years in California, but decided I would try something new, and haven’t been told I am doing anything wrong yet. There is always room for improvement, and I am happy to be corrected and learn.

Rachel Pearce (she/her)

ARISE – New Castle, Pennsylvania

Rachel is the Director of Community Services at Arise, a dual sexual assault and domestic violence agency in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, and has been with the agency for over 4 years. In her current role, she oversees the Advocacy and Education & Outreach Departments, in addition to managing the volunteer program at Arise. She holds an M.A. in Student Affairs and Higher Education from Slippery Rock University, is a fully trained sexual assault and domestic violence counselor in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and has completed NOVA’s Campus Advocacy Training.

Sarah E. Bariya (she/her)

Tri-valley Haven – Livermore, California

Sarah Edison Bariya has a JD degree and with over ten years of working with law firms and law related fields, she discovered her passion for advocating for the underserved population while working as CASA for the court system of the Eastern Panhandle area. She joined Tri-Valley Haven in 2015 where she has worked for the Homeless Services Department, Domestic Violence Services and she is now the Director of Sexual Assault Services with Tri-Valley Haven.

The post Sexual Assault Advocate Panel appeared first on Survivors.org.

Historical Context of Mistrust

The violence faced by Indigenous communities often stems from centuries of colonization, displacement, and forced assimilation. The violence faced by Indigenous communities often Colonization was not just the physical occupation of Indigenous lands but also a deliberate strategy to destroy Indigenous societies and suppress their ways of life. Colonizers sought to label Indigenous peoples as “savage” or “uncivilized,” framing their cultural practices and social structures as inferior and in need of eradication. This dehumanizing rhetoric justified violent land theft, resource exploitation, and policies aimed at the destruction of Indigenous people.

The impacts of colonization extend beyond historical trauma and continue to affect Indigenous mental health today.⁴ Suicide rates among Indigenous populations, particularly Native men, are alarmingly high. Substance abuse, stemming from the generational trauma inflicted by colonization, contributes to these rates. In small tribal communities, the experience of witnessing suicide increases PTSD, which in turn heightens the risk of suicide among survivors. This phenomenon is not contagious but rather a response to sustained trauma in populations that have been historically marginalized and systematically oppressed.⁴

Forced assimilation was utilized as a tool for the erasure of Indigenous people. Christian missionary efforts and government policies focused on assimilation of Indigenous people into their way of life. Indigenous languages were systematically targeted, children were forcibly removed from their families and placed in schools, where they were prohibited from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditions. This cultural genocide left lasting scars on Indigenous communities, contributing to cycles of trauma and disconnection that persist today.

The fight for Indigenous sovereignty remains central to addressing these current and historical injustices. Sovereignty embodies the inherent right of Indigenous nations to govern themselves, control their lands, and protect their people. This includes the ability to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed within their communities. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) recognizes this principle through its provision of “special tribal criminal jurisdiction,” allowing tribal courts to prosecute non-Native perpetrators of domestic violence and sexual assault within their territories.⁴ However, significant barriers remain, including limited resources, jurisdictional complexities, and resistance from state and federal entities. In 2022, this special tribal criminal jurisdiction was expanded, reinforcing the importance of self-governance in addressing violence against Indigenous people. 

The relationship between Indigenous communities and law enforcement has been shaped by a history of systemic oppression, colonial policies, and discriminatory practices.^3-6 From the forced removal of Indigenous children through residential schools to over-policing and disproportionate incarceration rates, law enforcement institutions have often been perceived as enforcers of harm rather than protectors. This historical context contributes to deep mistrust of police, making it less likely for Indigenous victim-survivors of sexual violence to report their experiences.⁶

Social & Economic Factors 

Indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to healthcare and education. These conditions can create environments where violence, including domestic violence, substance abuse, and mental health issues, are more prevalent. ⁷

Barriers to Reporting Sexual Violence ^{8, 9}

1. Fear of Discrimination and Racism. Indigenous people frequently face racial bias and stereotyping when interacting with police. Survivors may fear being not believed, blamed, or not taken seriously, leading them to avoid reporting altogether.
2. Lack of Cultural Competence. Many law enforcement agencies lack adequate training in cultural awareness and sensitivity. Without understanding the unique cultural and historical contexts of Indigenous communities, police responses can inadvertently perpetuate harm.
3. Geographical and Logistical Challenges. Many Indigenous communities are located in remote areas with limited access to police services. Victim-survivors may face significant logistical challenges, including long travel distances, to reach law enforcement, medical support and other services.
4. Shame and Stigma. Cultural and community dynamics can highten feelings of shame and stigma for survivors of sexual violence. Fear of being judged or isolated within their community may deter people from coming forward.
5. Lack of Trust in the Justice System. Even when cases are reported, the justice system often fails Indigenous survivors. Low conviction rates for sexual violence, lengthy legal processes, and experiences of secondary victimization discourage victim-survivors from seeking legal recourse.

Impact on Police Relations

These barriers contribute to a cycle of mistrust and underreporting.³ When survivors do not feel safe or supported in reporting, law enforcement misses opportunities to build relationships with Indigenous communities. This lack of engagement perpetuates negative perceptions of police, making it even harder to address future crimes or foster collaboration.

Steps Toward Solutions

To improve reporting rates and police relations with Indigenous communities, systemic changes and targeted interventions are essential.^9-11

1. Cultural Competency Training Law enforcement personnel should receive training on Indigenous history, culture, and trauma-informed practices to ensure respectful and effective interactions.
2. Community-Based Policing Establishing community liaisons or Indigenous-led policing initiatives can bridge the gap between law enforcement and Indigenous populations, fostering trust and collaboration.
3. Accessible Reporting Mechanisms Creating alternative, culturally safe reporting channels, such as Indigenous-run support centers, can help survivors come forward without fear.
4. Improved Legal Protections Strengthening legal frameworks to address sexual violence, ensuring timely investigations, and holding perpetrators accountable are critical steps to restoring faith in the justice system.
5. Investing in Support Services Expanding access to culturally relevant counseling, advocacy, and legal support for Indigenous survivors can address both the immediate and long-term impacts of sexual violence.
6. Healing and Cultural Revival. Promoting cultural revitalization and healing from historical trauma can help restore Indigenous identities and provide tools to combat violence. Programs are focused on reconnecting with traditions, languages, and spiritual practices are central to healing.
7. Community-Led Solutions. Empowering Indigenous communities to develop and lead their own solutions is crucial. Many Indigenous communities have created their own policing systems, social services, and healing programs tailored to their unique needs.
8. Government Accountability. The government needs to recognize the legacy of colonialism and the ongoing impacts it has on Indigenous communities. Accountability, justice for historical wrongs, and the implementation of policies that respect Indigenous sovereignty are essential for reducing violence.

Conclusion

The high rates of sexual violence against Indigenous people and the barriers to reporting reflect systemic failures that must be addressed with urgency and sensitivity. Building trust between law enforcement and Indigenous communities requires acknowledging historical harms, implementing systemic reforms, and centering the voices of Indigenous people in the process. Only through a commitment to justice, equity, and cultural respect can we create a safer environment for Indigenous communities.

Sources

1. “Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN.” Rainn.org, 2018, rainn.org/statistics/victims-sexual-violence?_ga=2.261521294.2092261053.1737392413-293773654.1737392413. 
2. “Barriers to Reporting in Indigenous Communities | RAINN.” Rainn.org, 2019, rainn.org/news/barriers-reporting-indigenous-communities.
3. Burnette, C. E., & Sanders, S. (2014). Trust Development in Research with Indigenous Communities in the United States. Qualitative Report, 19(22).
4. Smallwood, R., Woods, C., Power, T., & Usher, K. (2021). Understanding the impact of historical trauma due to colonization on the health and well-being of indigenous young peoples: a systematic scoping review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(1), 59-68.
5. Sacco, L. N. (2019). The violence against women act (VAWA): historical overview, funding, and reauthorization (Vol. 42). Congressional Research Service.
6. Cunneen, C., & Tauri, J. (2018). Violence and Indigenous communities. In The Routledge international handbook of violence studies (pp. 350-361). Routledge.
7. Nettleton, C., Napolitano, D., & Stephens, C. (2007). An overview of current knowledge of the social determinants of Indigenous health.
8. McKinley, C. E., & Knipp, H. (2022). “You Can Get Away with Anything Here… No Justice at All”—Sexual Violence Against US Indigenous Females and Its Consequences. Gender issues, 39(3), 291-319.
9. Cox, L. (2007). Fear, trust and Aborigines: The historical experience of state institutions and current encounters in the health system. Health and History, 9(2), 70-92.
10. Carlson, B., & Frazer, R. (2019). The politics of (dis) trust in Indigenous help-seeking. In Questioning Indigenous-settler relations: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 87-106). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
11. Wendt, D. C., & Gone, J. P. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence: Insights from indigenous community treatment settings. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(2), 206-222.

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Experiencing assault is a traumatic event that can initiate intense reactions in the body beyond a person’s control. These reactions are commonly known as the fight, flight, freeze, or fawn response, and understanding these responses is crucial for survivors and those who support them. The body’s reaction to trauma is natural and no matter the response that occurred during an act of sexual violence assault, it is never the victim-survivor’s fault. 

During the freeze response, something called tonic immobility, or an act of “involuntary, temporary motor inhibition” that happens to individuals when exposed to an extreme threat can occur. Tonic immobility causes the freeze response to be an even more intense situation for a victim-survivor because they may be temporarily paralyzed and unable to control their movements. They may hold their breath and go rigid, as if they are an animal playing dead, however it is completely involuntary. Tonic immobility is a survival instinct, one that we can also observe in animals, such as rabbits or sharks.

Tonic immobility can also impact a person’s mind and memory making it difficult to recall details of an act of sexual violence or can result in intense memory recall where a person may experience flashbacks, reenacting the state of tonic immobility. No matter the response or memory recall, it is not the victim-survivor’s fault or choice. 

Understanding tonic immobility as a physiological response is necessary when supporting individuals who have experienced sexual violence. It is too common for victim-survivors of sexual abuse to blame themselves for believing they let the violence happen because they didn’t physically fight back. This is a false and devastating idea that is perpetuated by fictional depictions of sexual assault in the media. 

A 2017 study published in the Swedish journal Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica found that 70 percent of participants said they experienced some sort of paralysis during a sexual assault and nearly 48 percent said they experienced significant immobility. The 48 percent of study participants who experienced “significant immobility,” were also found to be more likely to experience PTSD and depression after their assault. 

It is necessary for victim-survivors and those who support them to understand that there is research to back up survivors’ experiences and it should be shared. Education on tonic immobility could result in less PTSD and depression in victim-survivors. Instead of making statements such as “different people react in different ways,” supporters can provide legitimate scientific research to back it up. This type of psychoeducation helps survivors who are struggling with feelings of guilt and confusion. 

Arousal

Another common thing that may happen to a victim-survivor during a sexual assault is for an individual to experience arousal or orgasm. Many perpetrators will tell victim-survivors that their arousal or pleasure means they wanted the sexual violence to occur and will use arousal to justify their abuse. Similar to tonic immobility, arousal or orgasm is something that may contribute to blame and guilt for survivors, despite being normal and unrelated to consent. Victim-survivors may not want to admit their body had a physiological response to their attack because they don’t know that it’s normal. Those who support and care for victim-survivors of sexual violence must understand that involuntary responses such as arousal or orgasm are common. 

Simply listening and acknowledging a victim-survivor’s feelings is incredibly validating. Despite things like tonic immobility and arousal during abuse being normal and involuntary, loved ones should also give space for any negative feelings surrounding these trauma responses. Honestly addressing difficult emotions and conversations will create space for victim-survivors to feel they are worthy of support and love. 

Sources 

1. Möller, A., Söndergaard, H. P., & Helström, L. (2017). Tonic immobility during sexual assault – a common reaction predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13174

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Rape Culture ³

Rape culture is a phenomenon that normalizes sexual violence by downplaying its severity, excusing perpetrators, and blaming victims. Rape culture is embedded within the media, schools/universities, and social settings. Young people, especially teens, are influenced by these messages, which can shape their attitudes toward consent, relationships, and self-worth. The normalization of sexual violence sets the stage for harmful interactions and makes it difficult to recognize abuse and seek help. In addition, the pressure to conform to social expectations can also influence how young people navigate relationships.

Teen Sexual Abuse v. Child Sexual Abuse ^3-5

While sexual violence can affect all individuals of all ages, the distinction between teen sexual abuse and child sexual abuse is important to understand how societal expectations and cultural influences shape these experiences. Although child sexual abuse includes all children/adolescents from birth to age of consent (depending on state legislation) there are completely different expectations and understanding of sexual assault between children and teens, particularly for girls. Teens and young adults encounter disbelief and can experience intense victim blaming, like asking if the teen did anything to entice the perpetrator like what they were wearing. Teens and young adults are often held to unfair expectations, like standards in their ability to navigate relationships, even though they are legally under the age of consent. Younger victims may be viewed as more innocent and credible when reporting. However, both groups require support, justice, and recognition that abuse is never the fault of the victim, regardless of age. 

Toxic Masculinity and Teenage Boys ⁶ 

A significant factor that shapes the experiences of sexual violence is toxic masculinity. Toxic masculinity is a set of societal expectations that promote aggression, dominance, and emotional suppression expected of boys and men. Teenage boys, in particular, are often pressured to conform to these ideals, which can lead to harmful attitudes toward relationships, sex, and consent. Toxic masculinity teaches young men that their value is tied to their sexual “conquests” and that vulnerability or sensitivity is a sign of weakness. Furthermore, it reinforces heteronormativity by equating masculinity with dominance over women and dismissing men who reject these norms, stigmatizing them and questioning their sexuality/manhood. These ideals perpetuate behaviors that influence a young boy/man’s understanding of consent and healthy relationships. 

The Sexualization of Teenage Girls and Victim-Blaming ^{3, 7}

While teenage boys face pressures from toxic masculinity, teenage girls are often subjected to the sexualization of their bodies, which shapes how they are viewed by others and their self-image. This sexualization objectifies young girls and creates an unsafe environment that increases the likelihood of young girls to be targeted for sexual violence. The narrative around teenage girls is centered around unrealistic expectations, such as the need to avoid promiscuity, placing undue pressure on their choices and behaviors When sexual violence occurs among teenage girls, this sexualization may result in victim-blaming, where the responsibility for the assault is placed on the victim instead of the perpetrator. Young girls are frequently asked what they were wearing, whether they had been drinking, or if they had given mixed signals. This culture of victim-blaming not only silences victim-survivors but also perpetuates the idea that sexual violence is a consequence of the victim’s behavior rather than the actions of the perpetrator. 

Additionally, girls who develop early often face adultification, where they are perceived as older and more mature than they actually are. This bias can lead to increased vulnerability to sexual violence, as they are often treated as though they are responsible for unwanted attention or expected to navigate adult situations beyond their capacity. Black girls, in particular, face even harsher consequences due to racialized adultification, making them more susceptible to sexual violence, less likely to be believed when reporting abuse, and more frequently subjected to victim-blaming. further challenges when it comes to sexual violence due to adultification. Adultification involves the perception of Black girls being older and more mature. This bias leads to increased vulnerability to sexual violence, harsher judgment when they report abuse, and a greater likelihood of victim blaming. Intersectionality must be considered in discussions of sexual violence to ensure that all victims receive the support and justice they deserve, regardless of race, gender, or socioeconomic background.

Grooming ⁵

Grooming is a manipulative process where perpetrators build trust with their underaged victims to exploit them sexually. It is a tactic rooted in power dynamics rather than age alone, as abusers seek out individuals who are vulnerable due to factors such as isolation, low self-esteem, or a lack of strong support systems. Perpetrators often position themselves in roles of authority and trust within communities, such as coaches, teachers, religious leaders, or mentors, giving them easy access to potential victims. Grooming extends beyond the individual being targeted; abusers frequently manipulate family members and close friends to lower suspicion and create an environment where the victim feels unable to seek help. By carefully constructing an illusion of care and mentorship, they normalize inappropriate behaviors and gradually erode boundaries, making it difficult for victims to recognize the abuse. Because grooming is often misunderstood, victims may face blame for their own abuse, reinforcing harmful narratives that overlook the calculated tactics of the perpetrator. Recognizing these patterns is critical in preventing abuse and supporting survivors.

Purity Culture ⁶

Purity culture emphasizes chastity and abstinence, also it plays a significant role in shaping the experiences of teens and young adults when it comes to sexual violence. By focusing on the idea that one’s worth is tied to their sexual purity, purity culture reinforces gender roles and stigmatizes those who do not conform and creates an environment of fear and confusion. Promoting purity culture additionally excludes conversations on sexual health that includes healthy relationships and consent. Those who fall victim to sexual violence who were brought up in purity culture may feel isolated and ashamed because they believe they failed to live up to the standards imposed by purity culture. This can further complicate their ability to seek support and/or report abuse, as they fear judgment and rejection from their peers, family, and community.

Peer Pressure and Social Media ^9-11

Peer pressure and social media play crucial roles in shaping the behaviors and attitudes of teens and young adults regarding sexual violence. Peer pressure can often lead individuals to engage in harmful behaviors or silence their concerns about incidents of sexual violence, as they may feel the need to conform to group norms. This pressure can discourage open discussions about consent, boundaries, and healthy relationships, that are essential to preventing sexual violence. In the age of technology, social media amplifies the problem by providing platforms where harmful stereotypes and inappropriate behavior are often glorified. Technology has become a place where young people not only encounter sexual violence in the form of cyberbullying, image-based sexual abuse, and harassment but also internalize messages that can promote toxic masculinity and the sexualization of women. Additionally, young people are often exposed to unrealistic portrayals of sex through pornography, which can shape expectations and contribute to harmful behaviors that disregards consent and promotes unrealistic expectations of sex.

Empowering and Advocating for the Rights of Children and Young Adults

To address sexual violence among teens and young adults, it is crucial to create an enviroment that promotes open dialogue, education, and empowerment. This involves challenging norms of rape culture, toxic masculinity, victim-blaming, and purity culture that contribute to the normalization of sexual violence. Schools, communities, and families must work together to educate young people about healthy relationships, consent, and the importance of setting and respecting boundaries. In addition, empowering young people to advocate for their rights by creating spaces where people can openly discuss their experiences, ask questions, and seek support without fear of judgment or retaliation. Providing young people with the tools to recognize and address sexual violence will not only help protect teens and young adults but will also contribute to a cultural shift rooted in respect, equality, and safety.

Sources

1. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. Child Maltreatment Survey, 2016 (2018).
2. https://rainn.org/statistics/children-and-teens?utm_source 
3. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviors and sexual revictimization. Child abuse & neglect, 21(8), 789-803.
4. Ferreira, M., Lopes, A., Aparício, G., Cabral, L., & Duarte, J. (2014). Teens and dating: study of factors that influence attitudes of violence. Atención primaria, 46, 187-190.
5. Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601069414 
6. Owens, B. C., Hall, M. E. L., & Anderson, T. L. (2021). The Relationship between Purity Culture and Rape Myth Acceptance. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 49(4), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647120974992 
7. Thompson, M. K. (2020). Sexual exploitation and the adultified Black girl. John’s L. Rev., 94, 971.
8. Edwards, K. M., Rodenhizer, K. A., & Eckstein, R. P. (2020). School personnel’s bystander action in situations of dating violence, sexual violence, and sexual harassment among high school teens: A qualitative analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 35(11-12), 2358-2369.
9. Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017). Sexual violence in a digital age (Vol. 25). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Mendes, K., Keller, J., & Ringrose, J. (2019). Digitized narratives of sexual violence: Making sexual violence felt and known through digital disclosures. New media & society, 21(6), 1290-1310.
11. Bernstein, S., Warburton, W., Bussey, K., & Sweller, N. (2023). Pressure, preoccupation, and porn: The relationship between internet pornography, gendered attitudes, and sexual coercion in young adults. Psychology of Popular Media, 12(2), 159.

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Aging adults, often referred to as seniors, face unique challenges and vulnerabilities that are frequently overlooked, making elder abuse a critical issue that perpetuates cycles of harm and silence. Elder abuse is an often overlooked issue affecting aging adults. Research indicates that one in ten people over the age of 60 have experienced some form of elder abuse.¹ It can manifest in various forms, including physical, emotional, financial, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect.^3-4 Understanding the complexities surrounding elder abuse and fostering a supportive community are essential to safeguarding the dignity and well-being of older adults.

The Role of Caregivers and Institutions

Seniors who rely on caregivers or live in assisted living environments face increased vulnerability.³ While many caregivers provide compassionate and respectful care, instances of neglect and abuse do occur. Caregiver burnout, inadequate training, and oversight can contribute to environments where mistreatment is more likely to happen (e.g., assisted living communities).^{2, 5} Dependence on caregivers for basic needs creates a power imbalance, making it more difficult for seniors to speak up about mistreatment. Because of this, it is specifically important for institutions to prioritize proper training, monitoring, and clear reporting protocols to mitigate mistreatment. 

Barriers to Reporting Abuse

Difficulty Disclosing

One of the most significant barriers seniors face is that it can be difficult for them to disclose abuse. Coming forward can be difficult for many reasons, including lapses in memory, fear of retaliation, feelings of shame, or a lack of access to resources. Seniors who rely on caregivers or live in assisted living environments are especially vulnerable.^2,3 Societal perceptions of aging and sexuality minimize senior experiences, which can often lead to shame and avoidance when reporting sexal abuse. Additionally, cultural norms and generational perceptions of abuse influence how seniors interpret their experiences. What may be recognized as abusive by one culture or generation may not be perceived the same way by another, particularly if certain behaviors have been normalized. Some seniors may sense mistreatment, but struggle to define it as abuse.²

Aging and Sexuality

Societal perceptions of aging and sexuality further diminish senior survivor experiences, often leading to disbelief or dismissal when sexual abuse is reported. Many people believe that seniors aren’t sexually active and that they aren’t sexually desired. This is coupled with another common misconception, which is that sexual violence is caused by sexual lust rather than an exertion of power. Many people view sexual assault as a sexual act, rather than viewing it as an act of violence. As a result, many people don’t believe seniors are sexually assaulted, and are less likely to believe or suspect it is happening.

Cognitive Impairments and Consent

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia compounds the challenges of reporting abuse and providing consent.⁵ Cognitive impairments make it difficult for seniors to articulate their experiences, recognize abuse, or remember specific incidents. As a result, reports may be dismissed or not taken seriously, further hindering access to justice and support services.

Promoting Well-Being

Empowering seniors involves more than just protecting them from harm; it requires recognizing their inherent value and ensuring their voices are heard. Older adults are not a uniform group, and their experiences, abilities, and needs vary drastically. The term “elder” encompasses a broad age range, with vast differences in physical and cognitive abilities.⁵ Some may remain highly independent and active, while others require significant assistance, challenging the misconception that all seniors are equally vulnerable to specific forms of abuse.

Listening to their diverse experiences, involving them in decision-making processes, and respecting their autonomy, we can create an environment where seniors feel safe, valued, and respected.² Recognizing this spectrum of aging helps ensure that advocacy and protective efforts are tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual. By prioritizing respect, education, and advocacy, we can work to eliminate the barriers that inhibit justice and healing while promoting the dignity and well-being of all older adults, regardless of their level of independence.

Sources

1. Yon, Y., Mikton, C. R., Gassoumis, Z. D., & Wilber, K. H. (2017). Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 5(2), e147-e156. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30006-2 
2. Fraga Dominguez, S., Storey, J. E., & Glorney, E. (2021). Help-Seeking Behavior in Victims of Elder Abuse: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 466-480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019860616 
3. Setterlund, D., Tilse, C., Wilson, J., McCawley, A. L., & Rosenman, L. (2007). Understanding financial elder abuse in families: the potential of routine activities theory. Ageing & Society, 27(4), 599-614. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X07006009 
4. Yunus, R. M., Hairi, N. N., & Choo, W. Y. (2019). Consequences of elder abuse and neglect: A systematic review of observational studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692798 
5. Downes, C., Fealy, G., Phelan, A., Donnelly, N. A., & Lafferty, A. (2013). Abuse of older people with dementia: A review.

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